Method and apparatus for arbitrating among contiguous buttons on a capacitive touchscreen

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments of a capacitive touchscreen system and corresponding methods are described. A touchscreen controller is operably connected to a first plurality of drive electrodes, a second plurality of sense electrodes, and a host processor. The touchscreen controller has computer-readable button group programming instructions and data loaded into a first memory portion thereof from the host processor that comprise steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons. Firmware instructions and data are loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller. The first plurality of buttons is arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, and the first group is located within a first portion of the touchscreen. Capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen are controlled by the firmware instructions.

FIELD

Various embodiments of the invention described herein relate to the field of touchscreen or touchpad systems, devices, components and methods configured to detect touches on a touchscreen or touch panel using capacitive sensing techniques.

BACKGROUND

In capacitive touchscreen devices, there is a risk that a user can accidentally and unintentionally trigger one or more buttons that are adjacent to a button that the user desires to be press or touch. One typical approach many capacitive touchscreen devices employ to solve this problem is to search for a button having the strongest touch signal associated therewith, and automatically raise the touch threshold, or suppress presses or touches on neighboring buttons. Such an approach requires knowing the location of every button, and which buttons are each button's neighbors, which can be an especially memory-intensive method in the case where location information must be embedded in the limited memory of the touchscreen controller associated with the device.

What is needed is a capacitive touchscreen device and system, and method of operating such a system, that is capable of discriminating and arbitrating accurately between touches made on more than one button.

SUMMARY

According to one embodiment, there is provided a method of operating a capacitive touchscreen system comprising a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns, a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto, drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes, sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the method comprising downloading computer-readable button group programming instructions and data from the host processor to a first portion of a memory of the touchscreen controller, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, the first plurality of buttons being arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group being located within a first portion of the touchscreen, capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen being controlled by firmware instructions and data loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller.

According to another embodiment, there is provided a capacitive touchscreen system comprising a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns, a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto, drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes; sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the touchscreen controller having computer-readable button group programming instructions and data loaded into a first memory portion thereof from the host processor, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, firmware instructions and data being loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller, wherein the first plurality of buttons is arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group is located within a first portion of the touchscreen, and capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen are controlled by the firmware instructions.

Further embodiments are disclosed herein or will become apparent to those skilled in the art after having read and understood the specification and drawings hereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Different aspects of the various embodiments will become apparent from the following specification, drawings and claims in which:

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a capacitive touchscreen system;

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a capacitive touchscreen controller;

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of a block diagram of a capacitive touchscreen system and a host controller;

FIG. 4 shows a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a capacitive touchscreen system;

FIG. 5 shows a mobile telephone and accompanying keypad;

FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of a button group diagram;

FIG. 7 illustrates one embodiment of a Flying V algorithm;

FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a group button diagram;

FIG. 9 shows one embodiment of motion report data;

FIG. 10 shows one embodiment of a method according to which a host processor receives button or slider events;

FIG. 11 shows one embodiment of a method according to which a host processor downloads data configuration files to a touchscreen controller, and

FIGS. 12 through 17 are flowcharts corresponding to different processes and methods carried out by a touchscreen controller that has received programming instructions and data from a host processor to permit the use of buttons, sliders and groups.

The drawings are not necessarily to scale. Like numbers refer to like parts or steps throughout the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

As illustrated in FIG. 1, a capacitive touchscreen system 110 typically consists of an underlying LCD or OLED display 112, an overlying touch-sensitive panel or touchscreen 90, a protective cover or dielectric plate 95 disposed over the touchscreen 90, and a touchscreen controller, micro-processor, application specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”) or CPU 100. Note that image displays other than LCDs or OLEDs may be disposed beneath touchscreen 90.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of a touchscreen controller 100. In one embodiment, touchscreen controller 100 may be an Avago Technologies™ AMRI-5000 ASIC or chip 100 modified in accordance with the teachings presented herein, or an Avago Technologies™ AMRI-5200 ASIC or chip 100 for which a corresponding Preliminary Product Data Sheet entitled “AMRI-5200 Low-Power 10-Touch Controller” dated Apr. 20, 2011 filed in an Information Disclosure Statement on even date herewith is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In one embodiment, touchscreen controller is a low-power capacitive touch-panel controller designed to provide a touchscreen system with high-accuracy, on-screen navigation.

Capacitive touchscreens or touch panels 90 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 can be formed by applying a conductive material such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) to the surface(s) of a dielectric plate, which typically comprises glass, plastic or another suitable electrically insulative and preferably optically transmissive material, and which is usually configured in the shape of an electrode grid. The capacitance of the grid holds an electrical charge, and touching the panel with a finger presents a circuit path to the user's body, which causes a change in the capacitance.

Touchscreen controller 100 senses and analyzes the coordinates of these changes in capacitance. When touchscreen 90 is affixed to a display with a graphical user interface, on-screen navigation is possible by tracking the touch coordinates. Often it is necessary to detect multiple touches. The size of the grid is driven by the desired resolution of the touches. Typically there is an additional cover plate 95 to protect the top ITO layer of touchscreen 90 to form a complete touch screen solution (see, e.g., FIG. 1).

One way to create a touchscreen 90 is to apply an ITO grid on one side only of a dielectric plate or substrate. When the touchscreen 90 is mated with a display there is no need for an additional protective cover. This has the benefit of creating a thinner display system with improved transmissivity (>90%), enabling brighter and lighter handheld devices. Applications for touchscreen controller 100 include, but are not limited to, smart phones, portable media players, mobile internet devices (MIDs), and GPS devices.

Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, in one embodiment the touchscreen controller 100 includes an analog front end with 16 drive signal lines and 9 sense lines connected to an ITO grid on a touchscreen. Touchscreen controller 100 applies an excitation such as a square wave, meander signal or other suitable type of drive signal to the drive electrodes that may have a frequency selected from a range between about 40 kHz and about 200 kHz. The AC signal is coupled to the sense lines via mutual capacitance. Touching touchscreen or touch panel 90 with a finger alters the capacitance at the location of the touch, Touchscreen controller 100 can resolve and track multiple touches simultaneously. A high refresh rate allows the host to track rapid touches and any additional movements without appreciable delay. The embedded processor filters the data, identifies the touch coordinates and reports them to the host. The embedded firmware can be updated via patch loading. Other numbers of drive and sense lines are of course contemplated, such as 8×12 and 12×20 arrays.

Touchscreen controller 100 may feature multiple operating modes with varying levels of power consumption. For example, in rest mode controller 100 may periodically look for touches at a rate programmed by the rest rate registers. There are multiple rest modes, each with successively lower power consumption. In the absence of a touch for a certain interval controller 100 may automatically shift to a lower power consumption mode. However, as power consumption is reduced the response time to touches may increase.

According to one embodiment, and as shown in FIG. 4, an ITO grid or other electrode configuration on touchscreen 90 comprises drive columns 20a-20p and sense rows 10a-10i, where drive columns 20a-20p are operably connected to corresponding drive circuits and rows 10a-10i are operably connected to corresponding sense circuits. One configuration for routing ITO or other lines from drive and sense electrodes to lines to touchscreen controller 100 is shown in FIG. 4.

Those skilled in the art will understand that touchscreen controllers, micro-processors, ASICs or CPUs other than a modified AMRI-5000 or AMRI-5200 chip or touchscreen controller 100 may be employed in touchscreen system 110, and that different numbers of drive and sense lines, and different numbers and configurations of drive and sense electrodes, other than those explicitly shown herein may be employed without departing from the scope or spirit of the various embodiments of the invention.

Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a mobile telephone 20 with capacitive touchscreen 90 and display 112. As described above, there is a risk that a user can accidentally and unintentionally trigger one or more buttons in a capacitive touchscreen device that are adjacent to a button that the user desires to press or touch. One typical approach many capacitive touchscreen devices employ to solve this problem is to search for a button having the strongest touch signal associated therewith, and automatically raise the touch threshold or suppress presses or touches on neighboring buttons. This approach requires, however, that the location of every button be known, as well as the locations of all buttons that are each button's neighbors. As a result, extensive location information must be embedded in the limited memory of the touchscreen controller associated with the device. For example, the pad or touch area “5” shown on the keypad of FIG. 5 would need to know that pads or touch areas “2,” “4,” “8” and “6” are immediate neighbors thereto that can easily be triggered when pad “5” is being pressed. Moreover, pads or touch areas “1,” “3,” “7” and “9” are diagonally-situated neighbors that may also be triggered with some ease when pad “5” is being pressed.

As described in detail below, the above problems can be cured by defining pads or touch areas (or “buttons”) that are located in close proximity to one another in pre-defined groups. Buttons located in the same group can be configured to apply automatically the suppression of neighboring buttons in the group when one of the buttons in the group is being pressed. Groups can also be indicated to be neighbors to other groups, which may also permit neighboring button suppression in adjacent group(s). Groups can further be indicated to be next to the edge of the main touchscreen, which allows rejection of touches in an edge zone of the touchscreen when a button in the group is being pressed. By defining groups of buttons and the attributes of neighboring buttons, very little location and configuration parameters or data need to be stored in the memory of touchscreen controller 100. These concepts can be employed to save memory in touchscreen controller 100, as well as to simplify the device designer's task since fewer parameters and data need to be defined.

In the discussions that follow below, reference may be made to the above-mentioned Preliminary Product Data Sheet entitled “AMRI-5200 Low-Power 10-Touch Controller” for additional details and information.

Buttons

A button generally looks something like a large touch pad cell. In one embodiment, a button detection algorithm is provided that is a Touch Strength (Z) threshold algorithm with hysteresis. Several different touch algorithms may be associated with buttons, however, more about which is said below.

Cells may be configured such that a pressed button and its neighboring buttons register the same “Z” in response to a touch of the same strength. Different methods to determine which button has registered a touch may be employed. One method is according to the touch which is “first to arrive” or “first in time.” A second method is according to relative touch strength “Z.” A third method is to report all touches. A fourth method employs a grace period of several frames before a decision is made as t which button has been touched or pressed. The grace period approach permits multiple touches having different touch strengths “Z” to be acquired before determining which touch has the greatest strength.

According to one embodiment, buttons located in the same group are typically exclusive to one another. That is, one pressed button disables the remaining buttons in the group. Groups of buttons can also be configured to have the same or similar threshold and proximity properties.

Because a button press within a group of buttons is capable of excluding other button presses, navigation should generally exclude button presses as well. Such a “proximity” feature can be configured to perform exclusion between buttons touches and navigation screen touches, and vice versa. Button settings may be configured to customize this behavior, including selecting the navigation screen edge (North/South/East/West), and selecting the range along the screen edge.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown capacitive touchscreen 90 comprising a navigation screen and portions of screen 90 devoted to group 1 (buttons B1 and B2) and group 2 (button B3), and group 3 (button B4). As shown in FIG. 6, buttons B1 and B2 are in group 1. Group 1 is programmed to be exclusive with Group 2, and the navigation screen's south edge is designated to lie between X1 and X2. Button B3 is in group 2. Group 2 is programmed to be exclusive with groups 1 and 3, and the navigation screen's east edge is designated to lie between Y2 and Y3. Button B4 is in group 3. Group 3 is programmed to be exclusive with Group 2, and the navigation screen's east edge is designated to lie between Y3 and Y5. As shown in FIG. 6, the navigation area of touchscreen 90 is the portion of a 20×12 (or other size) frame dedicated to sensing 2-dimensional touches (e.g., some rows may be dedicated to buttons, and some rows may be dedicated to sliders).

According to one embodiment, buttons and sliders may be configured to allow the certain attributes to be specified, such as touch delay (debounce period), auto-repeat, hold-off time, press and release reporting (vs. press-only reporting). In the AMRI-5200 controller, configuration of buttons is accomplished by setting DOWNLOAD_CTL to Initiate Button Configuration. See also Register I/O section DOWNLOAD_CTL (Register 0x0A). Button settings can be saved to flash memory. See FLASH_CTL (Register 0x27). See also the I/O section on motion report and button report.

Sliders

A slider is a line of touch cells designated as a group, to sense touch and location information in one dimension along a line of cells. According to one embodiment, sliders rely on a “Flying V” algorithm to locate touches using interpolation techniques. The Flying V algorithm is a one-dimensional algorithm that may be applied in two dimensions. The Flying V algorithm interpolates the location of a touch by examining the maximum value of a cell and those of the cell's two neighbors. Referring now to FIG. 7, see touch strengths A, B and C. Logically the true center location should tend towards C. An estimate of this location is calculated by taking the slope between the lesser neighbor (A) and the maximum (B). This steep slope is then applied to the greater neighbor (C). Where the two slopes cross is the interpolated center location (X).

One or more sliders can also be included in the same group as buttons, and can be configured to possess the same attributes as other members of the group. Configuration of sliders in the AMRI-5200 controller is done by setting DOWNLOAD_CTL to Initiate Button Configuration. Slider settings can be saved to Flash. See FLASH_CTL (Register 0x27). See also the I/O section on Motion Report, Button Report, and Slider Report.

Motion Report

In Motion Report, the controller reports what it has detected, typically once-per-frame. The Motion Report is sometimes called a “touch report”, but in addition to touch reports, the Motion Report may also contain reports on buttons, sliders, gestures, and haptics. The AMRI-5200 controller is able to support up to 10 touch points, 12 buttons and 4 sliders. A host processor or controller 120 may be configured to receive an interrupt when the Motion Report data is ready to be read, if firmware has set the STATUS_INT_MASK (Register 0x05) bit Motion Data Ready (SIM₄). The Host can then read the Motion Report by successively reading bytes out of MOTION_REPORT_DAT (Register 0x1F). The data within the Motion Report is not fixed. The Host can be configured to change the reporting order of its contents, and to inhibit or enable portions of the Motion Report. Also, the sizes of some fields within the report may be subject to the amount of data available to report. When Done reading the Motion Report, the host processor should mark the Motion Report read by setting MOTION_REPORT_CTL (Register 0x1E) bit MRC₇. The Motion Report data are internally double buffered so that navigation can be performed while a Motion Report is being read. According to one embodiment, the Motion Report buffer is 92 bytes long. If this length is exceeded, the last data will be lost. The total amount of space used is:

1 byte status

9 bytes per touch point+1

3 bytes per button+1

5 bytes per slider+1

8 bytes for gesture+1

4 or 9 bytes for haptics+1

According to one embodiment, when using default settings only Touch Points are enabled. As a result, the default Motion Report contains only a byte of status and the touch point report:

Address Description 0x00 Out Reg Status 0x01-0x* Touch Point Report *Address depends on the variable length of each field

Touch points, buttons, sliders, gestures, and haptics can all be enabled and disabled. In the AMRI-5200 controller, touch point reporting can be disabled by MOTION_REPORT_CTL (Register 0x1E) bit disable touch point and hover touch point reporting (MRC_([5:4])). Button and slider reporting can be enabled by BUTTON_CONTROL (Register 0x78) bit BUTTONS/SLIDERS (BTNC₀). Gesture reporting can be enabled individually by GESTURE_SELECT (Register 0x6C) bits (GSTS_([70])). Haptic reporting can be enabled by HAPTIC (Register 0x77) bits MODE (HAP₇) and REPORT_HAPTIC (HAP_([65])).

With all fields enabled and the default reporting order, the Motion Report contains a status byte, followed by all the Reports. The Motion Report may be formatted as follows:

Address Description 0x00 Out Reg Status 0x01-0x* Touch Point Report 0x*-0x* Button Report 0x*-0x* Slider Report 0x*-0x* Gesture Report 0x*-0x* Haptic Report *Address depends on the variable length of each field

The order of these reports can be changed from the default. This can be accomplished by modifying MOTION_REPORT_CONTROL (Register 0x1E) bits REPORTING_ORDER (MRC_([5:4])) and GESTURE_CONTROL (Extended Register 0x27) bit GESTURES_FIRST (GSTC₇).

Before discussing the format of each Report type in the next few sections, we note that the terms touch strength, force, and Z may be used interchangeably throughout report format descriptions.

Touch Point Report

According to one embodiment, the touch point report consists of a touch point header followed by 0 to 10 touch point records, depending on the number of points being reported. Note also that touch points can be sorted by ID (ascending) or by force (Z) (descending) according to the setting of MOTION_REPORT_CTL (Register 0x1E) bit primary sort (MRC₀).

Touch point header:

Address Description 0x00 Points Touch point record (variable number depending on points):

Address Description 0x00 Touch Point ID 0x01 X Lo 0x02 X Hi 0x03 Y Lo 0x04 Y Hi 0x05 Z Lo 0x06 Z Hi 0x07 Area Lo 0x08 Area Hi

Button Report

A button report consists of a button header followed by 0 to 12 button records, depending on the button count being reported.

Button header:

Address Description 0x00 Button Count Button record (variable number depending on button count):

Address Description 0x00 Button ID 0x01 Z Lo 0x02 Z Hi

Slider Report

The slider report consists of a slider header followed by 0 to 4 slider records, depending on the slider count being reported.

Slider header:

Address Description 0x00 Slider Count Slider record (variable number depending on slider count):

Address Description 0x00 Slider ID 0x01 Z Lo 0x02 Z Hi 0x03 Position Lo 0x04 Position Hi

I/O Download

In the register I/O section DOWNLOAD_CTL (Register 0x0A) of the AMRI-5200 controller, the register map contains an I/O download port, which is downloaded a byte-at-a-time into DOWNLOAD_DATA (Register 0x0B). The data are downloaded into the RAM area, which is the working location where the firmware expects to find the data. In this area, the data are volatile and subject to being lost when power is removed. After the user has determined the data are valid and wants the data to remain non-volatile, a register bit may be set that causes the firmware to save the data into a flash memory or area so they remain safe from power loss. On power-up or reset, the firmware then restores the downloaded RAM area data from the flash memory so that downloaded data may be used by the firmware to create the desired operation behavior for the user.

The download mechanism follows a similar process. The Watchdog is turned off during a download. In the AMRI-5200 this is done by setting WD_DISABLE (Register 0x7D) to disable watchdog (0xAD). To get a valid configuration file download status, it is recommended to clear BOOT_STAT (Register 0x03) bits to all 0 (0x00). The download type can now be selected. This can be done by setting DOWNLOAD_CTL (Register 0x0A) to the desired I/O Download type. See also DOWNLOAD_CTL (0x0A).

Generally, a delay of 1 millisecond is employed before continuing so the AMRI-5200 controller is ready to receive data. This can be done by reading DOWNLOAD_CTL (Register 0x0A) and waiting for Download Not Busy (DLC₇=0). Next, a delay of 100 microseconds is employed before continuing and writing data bytes to DOWNLOAD_DATA (Register 0x0B). A delay 10 microseconds is employed between each byte. Writing data bytes is repeated until complete. When the I/O download is complete, the non-configuration file download status is checked. BOOT_STAT (Register 0x03) bit, Configuration File Download Successful (B_STAT₆=1), should eventually appear. Now the Watchdog Timer can be turned back on. This is done by setting WD_DISABLE (Register 0x7D) to enable watchdog (0x00).

Download errors are reported in the Error ID register to provide feedback on correcting the order or format of the downloaded data. After the downloaded data have been tested and validated, the user may set a register to instruct the firmware to save the table of data into flash memory.

ERROR_ID

-   Access: Read only Reset Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0 × 01 − 0 × 24

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: Error ID. This register display the error ID value when an     error has occurred as indicated by STATUS register bit[0]. Value     will self clear after being read.

Value Description 0x01 Firmware watchdog error 0x02 Internal Hardware timeout failure 0x03 Host missed motion report read 0x04 Communication overrun 0x05 Bad motion report configuration 0x06 Hard fault * 0x07 Bad frame buffer index 0x08 Flash programming error 0x09 Flash not ready error 0x0A Flash erase parameter error 0x0B Flash page erase failed 0x0C Flash update page size too large 0x0D Flash update address goes beyond page 0x0E Flash code and ROM mismatched 0x0F Flash code bad CRC 0x10 Flash customer data corrupt 0x11 Flash calibration data corrupt 0x12 Flash drive/sense data corrupt 0x13 Flash delta data corrupt 0x14 Flash haptic data corrupt 0x15 Flash button/slider data corrupt 0x16 Download button/slider/haptic data length wrong 0x17 Download button/slider/haptic page exceeded 0x18 Download button/slider/haptic termination byte mismatch 0x19 Download haptic data size or signature wrong 0x1A Download button data counts exceeded 0x1B Download button group counts exceeded 0x1C Download button device count mismatch 0x1D Download button signature wrong 0x1E Download button group device count wrong 0x1F Download button group position count wrong 0x20 Download button valid cell number exceeded 0x21 Download slider position count wrong 0x22 Download slider valid cell number exceeded 0x23 Flash customer data larger than the data storage space 0x24 Flash program buffer full when additional data arrived 0x25 Download Group has T2 = T3. 0x26 Download Device has bit 5 (button bit) not set. 0x27 Download Group Devices (count) does not match. 0x28 Download Group Devices NextTo[x] index out of range. The type of data downloaded (selected by DOWNLOAD_CTL) may assume various formats or structures.

Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown another embodiment of a group button diagram that is described in detail below with accompanying illustrative examples. In FIG. 8, group 0 has member button 0x20 and neighbor group 1. Group 1 has member buttons 0x21-0x23, neighbors group 0 and group2, and screen edge of concern between x values of 131 and 291 (in pixels). Group 2 contains member button 0x24 and member slider 0x31, and has neighbors of group numbers 1-9 representing equivalent cell numbers used in the buttons and slider.

Continuing to refer to FIG. 8, there is shown one example of a touch panel allocated into 2 areas: one area for touch point tracking (the navigation touch panel area) and a second area for buttons and a slider located below the navigation touch panel area. As a first step, both areas of the touch panel are physically laid out with capacitive cells in the example arrangement shown above. The technology details of capacitive touch cells are outside the scope of this example and utilize typical industry trends in touch panel layout.

In the example of FIG. 8, the navigation touch panel area consists of a mesh of smaller capacitive cells arranged in a regular X-Y grid pattern. The buttons and slider area cells in groups 0, 1, and 2 are typically larger capacitive cells identified visually to the user as buttons or slider by some means. Such means might be, by way of example, silkscreen markings to outline the buttons and sliders or the use of screen graphics to draw icons under the capacitive cells, etc. From a designer's perspective, buttons and sliders in the example of FIG. 8 are identified as belonging to 3 groups based on their relatively close proximity to neighboring buttons. The grouping shown in FIG. 8 need not be made visible to the user, however. Note that in the description below and in FIG. 8, the notation “0x” simply means that subsequent digits are in hexadecimal (base 16) notation or format.

Group 0 contains 1 button: ID=0x20, cell number 1 (equivalent cell). Group 1 contains 3 buttons: ID=0x21, 0x22, 0x23, with cell numbers 2, 3, 4. Group 2 contains 1 button (ID=0x24) and 1 slider (ID=0x31). Button ID 0x24 uses cell 5 and slider ID 0x31 uses cells 6, 7, 8, 9. Note that Group 0 is in close proximity to Group 1, and so specifies Group 1 as its neighbor. Group 1 is in close proximity to Group 0, Group 2, and a bottom touch panel edge of concern between X=131 and X=291 (horizontal pixel positions). Group 1 specifies its neighbors as Group 0 and Group 2 and specifies these minimum and maximum “screen” edge dimensions associated with the bottom edge of the screen. Group 2 is only in close proximity with Group 1, and so specifies Group 1 as its neighbor. Within each group, only one of its members is allowed to report as having been pressed (even when touch contact occurs across several members in the group).

Touch Scenarios and Intended Exclusions

There are a number of touch scenarios for the example grouping shown in FIG. 8. A trivial example is Group 0 being touched first and excluding a second touch being recognized in Group 1 during the period of time Group 0 is still being touched. However, a touch in Group 2 would be allowed even if Group 0 were still being touched. Similarly, a touch in Group 2 first would also exclude a second touch in Group 1 until the touch in Group 2 was removed. The touch in Group 2 would not exclude Group 0 from recognizing and reporting a touch. Group 0 and Group 2 can therefore report simultaneously (as long as one of them were touched first before Group 1). Furthermore, Group 1 is “blocked” from reporting as long as that touch is maintained in either Group 0 or Group 2. No screen edge is specified for exclusion when either Group 0 or Group 2 are touched so the user can expect any touch points on the Navigation Touch Point Area to always report those touches while Group 0 or Group 2 are touched. Group 1 specifies a screen edge of the touch panel between X=131 and X=291 to not report touches if Group 1 is touched first (and before any touches on this part of the Navigation Touch Point Area). If Group 1 is touched first, neither Group 2, nor Group 0, nor the screen edge between X=131 and X=291 are allowed to report touches until touch contact is removed from Group 1, including any hold-off period specified in each of those other groups.

How to Specify Behavior

A user creates a download table of bytes representing button and slider configurations. In the example of FIG. 8, 5 buttons and 1 slider are to be specified. The default shared selection criteria (first to be pressed, or maximum strength of signal) can be specified in the Button Control parameter at Index 0x08. This parameter can also be modified later outside of this table, allowing the changing of selection criteria without loading a different download table. This parameter is also responsible for the desired “release” behavior (“static” release of all members and neighbors required before new press recognized, or “dynamic” release for hold-off time plus touch delay time before new press recognized). The “static” release typically requires a user's finger to be “lifted” off the screen for subsequent recognition of a button or slider press in the group or neighboring group. The “dynamic” release allows the user to slide a finger from one button to another without lifting the finger and the next button is allowed to report a touch after any specified of hold-off delay plus touch delay.

Example Table of Download Entries

Values shown below are in hexadecimal bytes, with comments shown following a # marker. In an actual download file, the comments, empty lines and # markers would be stripped off first before downloading the stream of bytes to the download register of the AMRI-5200 controller. The entire download table is shown in the AMRI-5200 specification as follows. Index 0 in the following table follows a pre-amble block consisting of command byte, reserve flag byte, lower byte count and upper byte count:

## Pre-Amble Block (4 Bytes)

2A # command indicating button/slider table download 00 # reserve flag byte—always 00 6E # lower byte of count of all bytes being downloaded starting from “2A” 01 # upper byte of count of all bytes, e.g., 0x017A=378 bytes downloaded

All subsequent entries in the table are in the following format,

starting with Index 0x00:

## Configuration Table Overview

The Button/Slider Configuration table consists of 439 bytes max (0x1B7 bytes in hexadecimal). All of the byte values should be in hexadecimal (base 16) format. Some of the bytes are bit fields where each of the 8 bits of the bytes is either a true/false selector of some option or reserved for future use (a bit to be left in the “0” state). Some of the bytes are part of a 2 byte field broken into a “low byte” followed by a “high byte”. In these cases, a numeric value such as 291 decimal, converted to 0x123 in hexadecimal (or 123 hex without the “0x” hexadecimal indicator) would be broken into a “low byte” of 23 followed by the “high byte” of 01 when entering the values into the table. The word “Device” in this table refers to “Button or Slider”.

The process of filling in the Button/Slider Configuration table is broken into sections or blocks as follows:

-   -   1) General Settings Block (14 bytes, Indexes 00-0D)     -   2) Device n Block (128 bytes, Indexes 0E-8D)     -   3)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Device n Block)     -   4) Group Devices Block (10 bytes, Indexes 8E-97)     -   5) Group n Block (200 bytes, Indexes 98-15F)     -   6)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Group n Block)     -   7) Slider n Block (88 bytes, Indexes 160-1B7)

Each block will delve into the register descriptions related to that block, so it will be useful to refer back to this list and the table immediately below to not get too lost in the details.

Button/Slider Configuration

Index Description 0x00 Valid Buttons Lo = 0xAB 0x01 Valid Buttons Hi = 0xCD 0x02 Max Buttons (number of buttons to configure) 0x03 Max Sliders (number of sliders to configure) 0x04 Max Devices (sum of Max Buttons plus Max Sliders) 0x05 Max Groups (number of groups to configure) 0x06 Reserved (leave as “00”) 0x07 Reserved (leave as “00”) 0x08 Button Control (bitfield of selection criteria for buttons/sliders) 0x09 Button Control 2 (bitfield of options for buttons/sliders) 0x0A Reserve (set to 0xFF) 0x0B Button Count Void (number of buttons/sliders to inhibit all) 0x0C Cheek Device Enable Bits (option bits in cheek mode) 0x0D Button Select Delay (only for Max Z case - synchronization) 0x0E-0x15 Device 0 (refer to separate table “DEVICE n”) 0x16-0x1D Device 1 0x1E-0x25 Device 2 0x26-0x2D Device 3 0x2E-0x35 Device 4 0x36-0x3D Device 5 0x3E-0x45 Device 6 0x46-0x4D Device 7 0x4E-0x55 Device 8 0x56-0x5D Device 9 0x5E-0x65 Device 10 0x66-0x6D Device 11 0x6E-0x75 Device 12 0x76-0x7D Device 13 0x7E-0x85 Device 14 0x86-0x8D Device 15 0x8E Group Devices 0 (number of devices in Group 0) 0x8F Group Devices 1 (number of devices in Group 1) 0x90 Group Devices 2 (number of devices in Group 2) 0x91 Group Devices 3 (number of devices in Group 3) 0x92 Group Devices 4 (number of devices in Group 4) 0x93 Group Devices 5 (number of devices in Group 5) 0x94 Group Devices 6 (number of devices in Group 6) 0x95 Group Devices 7 (number of devices in Group 7) 0x96 Group Devices 8 (number of devices in Group 8) 0x97 Group Devices 9 (number of devices in Group 9) 0x98-0xAB Group 0 (refer to separate table “GROUP n”) 0xAC-0xBF Group 1 0xC0-0xD3 Group 2 0xD4-0xE7 Group 3 0xE8-0xFB Group 4 0xFC-0x10F Group 5 0x110-0x123 Group 6 0x124-0x137 Group 7 0x138-0x14B Group 8 0x14C-0x15F Group 9 0x160-0x175 Slider 0 (refer to separate table “SLIDER n”) 0x176-0x18B Slider 1 0x18C-0x1A1 Slider 2 0x1A2-0x1B7 Slider 3 DEVICE n (0x0E-0x15 to 0x86-0x8D):

Index Description 0x0E + n × 8 ID (value from hex 20 to hex 3F identifying device) 0x0F + n × 8 Device Config (bit field of option specific to this device) 0x10 + n × 8 Touch Delay (debounce period in 6.7 ms frame cycles) 0x11 + n × 8 Holdoff (hold-off period in 6.7 ms frame cycles) 0x12 + n × 8 Group (option group associated with this device) 0x13 + n × 8 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x14 + n × 8 Cell Number or cell Count (button cell number or slider counts) 0x15 + n × 8 Padding (leave as 0x00) GROUP n (0x78-0x91 to 0x162-0x167):

Index Description 0x78 + n × 32 T1 Lo (“release” threshold lower byte) 0x79 + n × 32 T1 Hi (“release” threshold upper byte) 0x7A + n × 32 T2 Lo (“press” threshold lower byte) 0x7B + n × 32 T2 Hi (“press” threshold upper byte) 0x7C + n × 32 Edge Min Lo (starting point of panel edge exclusion - lo byte) 0x7D + n × 32 Edge Min Hi (starting point of exclusion in pixels - hi byte) 0x7E + n × 32 Edge Max Lo (ending point of panel edge exclusion - lo byte) 0x7F + n × 32 Edge Max Hi (ending point of exclusion in pixels - hi byte) 0x80 + n × 32 Group Config (bit field options for this group) 0x81 + n × 32 Group Positions (number of group neighbors to this group) 0x82 + n × 32 Next To 0 (first neighbor group to this group) 0x83 + n × 32 Next To 1 (second neighbor group to this group) 0x84 + n × 32 Next To 2 (etc.) 0x85 + n × 32 Next To 3 0x86 + n × 32 Next To 4 0x87 + n × 32 Next To 5 0x88 + n × 32 Next To 6 0x89 + n × 32 Next To 7 0x8A + n × 32 Next To 8 0x8B + n × 32 Next To 9 SLIDER n (0x17C-0x185 to 0x19A-0x1A3):

Index Description 0x17C + n × 22 Record Width Lo (pixel width of slider cell - lo byte) 0x17D + n × 22 Record Width Hi (pixel width of slider cell - hi byte) 0x17E + n × 22 Cell 0 (first cell of slider) 0x17F + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x180 + n × 22 Cell 1 (second cell of slider) 0x181 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x182 + n × 22 Cell 2 (third cell of slider) 0x183 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x184 + n × 22 Cell 3 (etc.) 0x185 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x186 + n × 22 Cell 4 0x187 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x188 + n × 22 Cell 5 0x189 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x18A + n × 22 Cell 6 0x18B + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x18C + n × 22 Cell 7 0x18D + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x18E + n × 22 Cell 8 0x18F + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x190 + n × 22 Cell 9 0x191 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00)

Referring back to the table:

-   -   1) General Settings Block (14 bytes, Indexes 00-0D)     -   2) Device n Block (128 bytes, Indexes 0E-8D)     -   3)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Device n Block)     -   4) Group Devices Block (10 bytes, Indexes 8E-97)     -   5) Group n Block (200 bytes, Indexes 98-15F)     -   6)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Group n Block)     -   7) Slider n Block (88 bytes, Indexes 160-1B7)         ## General Settings Block (14 Bytes, Indexes 0x00 to 0x0d)

## Now we enter general settings applying to Buttons and Sliders and their behavior.

## This corresponds to filling in the first 14 bytes of the table above for Example 3, sequentially as follows:

AB # Valid Buttons reserved signature byte—always AB CE # Valid Buttons reserved signature byte—always CE 05 # Max Buttons—number of buttons to be configured (5 buttons total in all groups) 01 # Max Sliders—count of number of sliders to be configured (1 slider) 06 # Max Devices—sum of number of buttons+sliders (5+1=6) 03 # Max Groups—count of number of groups to be configured (3 groups) 00 # Sense Button Slider 1 reserve byte—leave as 00 00 # Sense Button Slider 2 reserve byte—leave as 00 41 # Button Control—selection criteria: “max Z” (see register description below) 00 # Button Control—default optional control settings (see register description below) FF # Reserved—leave as FF FE # Button Count Void setting—leave as FE to disable this feature (see register) 00 # Cheek Device Enable Bits option (see description of CheekBits register) 00 # Button Select Delay “gracePeriod” option (see description: GracePeriod register

Here are detailed definitions for each registers:

VALID_BUTTONS_LO Index: 0x00

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0xAB

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Lower eight bits [7:0] of a sixteen-bit number; see also     0x01.

VALID_BUTTONS_HI Index: 0x01

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0xCE

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Upper eight bits [15:8] of a sixteen-bit number -   USAGE: This word pattern tags that the I/O Download data as of the     Buttons type. This value must be 0xCEAB to be recognized.

MAX_BUTTONS Index: 0x02

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x0C

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x0C

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: This register contains the number of Buttons that will be     configured.

MAX_SLIDERS Index: 0x03

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x04

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x04

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: This register contains the number of Sliders that will be     configured.

MAX_DEVICES Index: 0x04

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x10

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x10

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: This register contains the number of Devices     (Buttons+Sliders) that will be configured.

MAX_GROUPS Index: 0x05

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x0A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x0A

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: This register contains the number of Groups that will be     configured.

BUTTON_CONTROL Index: 0x08

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field BTNC₇ BTNC₆ BTNC₆ BTNC₄ BTNC₃ BTNC₂ BTNC₁ BTNC₀

-   Data Type: Bit Field -   USAGE: Used to configure Button behavior settings.

Field Name Description BTNC_([7:6]) Buttons/Sliders 00 = Report all (or group controls). 01 = Max Z of all devices. BTNC₄ decides the release behavior. 10 = First press of all devices. BTNC₄ decides the release behavior. BTNC₅ Group Mode 0 = Disable Group Mode (groupings not considered). 1 = Enable Group Mode (groups considered in selection) BTNC₄ Static Release 0 = Disable Static Release 1 = Enable Static Release. BTNC₃ Lock out new touch points on panel when buttons/slider touched 0 = Disable Lockout. 1 = Enable Lockout. BTNC₂ Releases Global Disable 0 = Releases enabled if individual Device Config bit 1 is set. 1 = Disable All Releases. BTNC₁ Repeats Global Disable 0 = Repeats enabled if individual Device Config bit 6 is set. 1 = Disable All Repeats. BTNC₀ Buttons/Sliders 0 = Disable Buttons and Sliders. 1 = Enable Buttons and Sliders.

BUTTON_CONTROL_(—)2 Index: 0x09

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Reserved Reserved Reserved BTC2₄ BTC2₃ BTC2₂ BTC2₁ BTC2₀

-   Data Type: Bit Field -   USAGE: Used to configure button behavior settings.

Field Name Description BTC2₄ Update Global Max Z 0 = No Operation 1 = Allow updating global Max Z with Button Max Z. This is to consider Buttons touch strength for Operating Mode decisions. BTC2₃ Edge Disable 0 = Disable Lockout. 1 = Do not check local screen Edge in Max Z of group. Overrides download settings. BTC2₂ Slider Interpolation Disable 0 = Enable Slider Interpolation. 1 = Disable all Slider Interpolation. The Slider cell index is reported instead. BTC2₁ Slider Hold Delay 0 = Hold last Slider position from 3-4 samples ago. 1 = Hold last Slider position from 5-8 samples ago. BTC2₀ Slider Hold Disable 0 = Hold last Slider position on release (which last Slider position is chosen by BTC2₁). 1 = Use very last raw Slider position. BUTTON_COUNT_VOID Index: 0x0B

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0xFE

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0xFE

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: The Count of Buttons with Touch Strength above T2 to     invalidate all Buttons. A value of 0xFE disables this feature.     CHEEK_BITS Index: 0x0C -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Reserved CHKB₆ CHKB₅ CHKB₄ CHKB₃ CHKB₂ CHKB₁ CHKB₀

-   Data Type: Bit Field -   USAGE: Even with a cheek detection, (i.e., Phone to the ear), we     sometimes want to allow some buttons enabled (Volume). This bit     field allows some buttons and a slider to remain enabled during a     Cheek detection.

Field Name Description CHKB₆ Cheek Slider 0 0 = Normal Operation. 1 = Allow Slider 0 during Cheek. CHKB₅ Cheek Button 5 0 = Normal Operation. 1 = Allow Button 5 during Cheek. CHKB₄ Cheek Button 4 0 = Normal Operation. 1 = Allow Button 4 during Cheek. CHKB₃ Cheek Button 3 0 = Normal Operation. 1 = Allow Button 3 during Cheek. CHKB₂ Cheek Button 2 0 = Normal Operation. 1 = Allow Button 2 during Cheek. CHKB₁ Cheek Button 1 0 = Normal Operation. 1 = Allow Button 1 during Cheek. CHKB₀ Cheek Button 0 0 = Normal Operation. 1 = Allow Button 0 during Cheek. GRACE_PERIOD Index: 0x0D

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x7F

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: Host chosen Grace Period for Max Z devices. This is the     number of frames to evaluate before deciding which button is     reported. The button with the Max Z during this Period is reported.     A value of 0 disables this feature.

Referring back to the table:

-   -   1) General Settings Block (14 bytes, Indexes 00-0D)     -   2) Device n Block (Indexes 0E-8D)     -   3)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Device n Block)     -   4) Group Devices Block (10 bytes, Indexes 8E-97)     -   5) Group n Block (200 bytes, Indexes 98-15F)     -   6)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Group n Block)

7) Slider n Block (88 bytes, Indexes 160-1B7)

## Device n Blocks (8 Bytes Per Button or Slider)

(Entire section contains 16 “devices” or 16×8=128 bytes or hex 80 bytes)

Device n Block

The word “Device” in this table refers to “Button or Slider”. There are 16 “devices” of 8 bytes each labeled “Device n” where n is a value from 0 to 15 for each of the up to 16 devices (up to 12 buttons max plus up to 4 sliders). Each of these blocks configures 1 button or 1 slider. All buttons (if any) are always listed first, before any sliders. There must not be any empty blocks between the last button block and the first slider block (if any). Each of these “Device” blocks has an ID value identifying the button or slider, such as 21 in hexadecimal followed by a bit field byte called the Device Config for that button or slider. The rest of the 8 byte “Device n” block is described in the separate table below called “Device n”. One thing to note is the Cell Number or Cell Count byte. If a button is specified, this byte refers to the equivalent cell number corresponding to this button (see description at the end of this document called “Equivalent Cell Number”). If a slider is specified, this byte refers to the number of cells in the slider (the number of “segments” or steps in the slider). Actual cell numbers for sliders are specified in the “Slider n” block below.

Index Description 0x0E + n × 8 ID (value from hex 20 to hex 3F identifying device) 0x0F + n × 8 Device Config (bit field of option specific to this device) 0x10 + n × 8 Touch Delay (debounce period in 6.7 ms frame cycles) 0x11 + n × 8 Holdoff (hold-off period in 6.7 ms frame cycles) 0x12 + n × 8 Group (option group associated with this device) 0x13 + n × 8 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x14 + n × 8 Cell Number or cell Count (button cell number or slider counts) 0x15 + n × 8 Padding (leave as 0x00)

## We define each individual button configuration. Each button or slider requires 8 bytes in this section to configure it. The ordering of the buttons and/or sliders in this list suggests an implicit prioritization in the event of a “tie” in meeting criteria for selection—the earliest in this list will be selected in the event of a “tie” in first to be pressed, for example. Ties are generally rare because it would mean more than 1 button would have achieved a threshold in the same exact sample window (generally 6.7 ms). Sliders follow buttons (if any) in the list.

-   20 # ID of 1^(st) button: valid entries can be 0x20-0x3F. This ID     will be returned in the # motion report output when the button is     released (de-asserted). When it is # pressed (asserted), the MSB bit     is set so the ID value shows 0xA0 in the motion # report. See motion     report output for further description. -   42 # Device Config or button behavior (see bit description in     Device_Config register) # these 2 bits set are the only valid bits     to set. The “02” indicates report on release. # The “40” bit     indicates repeated output as long as button pressed; if this byte     was # “02” instead of “42”, then only 1 output will be made on     press, and a second # output on release of press. -   02 # Touch Delay—the number of 6.6 ms frames used to “debounce” the     button press -   03 # Hold-off—the number of 6.6 ms frames than need to pass after     “release” before # another press event can be detected—adds to     TouchDelay but only on “release” -   00 # Group 0 (valid groups are values from 0 to 9; 0=“1^(st)”     group). Only button in 0. -   00 # reserved byte -   01 # Cell number—this is the equivalent cell number the button would     occupy using # normal drive/sense mapping for the panel array (even     if the button is physically # separate from the panel array)—see     formula below for Equivalent Cell Number. # Note that “01” is in     hexadecimal; For example, cell 16 would be shown as “10”. -   00 # reserved byte

## Next button is the same except for different ID, group 1, and different cell number:

21 # ID=“21” shown on release (see figure above); “A1” shown on press in output. 42 # Device_Config behavior

02 # Touch Delay of 2×6.7 ms 03 # Hold-off Delay of 3×6.7 ms

01 # Group 1 (2^(nd) group; 3 buttons in group 1) 00 # reserved byte 02 # Cell number (equivalent) determined from drive/sense mapping formula 00 # reserved byte

## Next button is the same except for different ID, with group 1, and different cell no.

22 # ID=“22” shown on release (see figure above); “A2” shown on press in output. 42 # Device_Config behavior

02 # Touch Delay 03 # Hold-off

01 # Group 1 (2^(nd) group) 00 # reserved byte 03 # Cell number (equivalent) determined from drive/sense mapping formula 00 # reserved byte

## Next button is the same except for different ID, with group 1, and different cell no.

23 # ID=“23” shown on release (see figure above); “A3” shown on press in output. 42 # Device_Config behavior

02 # Touch Delay 03 # Hold-off

01 # Group 1 (2^(nd) group) 00 # reserved byte 04 # Cell number (equivalent) determined from drive/sense mapping formula 00 # reserved byte

## Next button is the same except for different ID, with group 1, and different cell no.

24 # ID=“24” shown on release (see figure above); “A4” shown on press in output. 42 # Device_Config behavior

02 # Touch Delay 03 # Hold-off

02 # Group 2 (3rd group) shares group 2 with slider below. 00 # reserved byte 05 # Cell number (equivalent) determined from drive/sense mapping formula 00 # reserved byte

## The above 8 byte sets are repeated for each button or slider specified (up to 12 buttons plus up to 4 sliders maximum for this implementation), although the values of each of the bytes may vary for different buttons for individual characteristics desired or relationships to other buttons (i.e., Group number). If less than 12+4 sliders are to be specified, it is necessary to fill out the other unused 8 byte packets with dummy values as spacers to “pad out” the data when subsequent configuration data is to be specified (groups data and/or slider width and cell number details).

-   31 # ID of slider (see figure above)—we are specifying 1 slider with     the 1 button # above. The 8 byte slider packets (if any to be     specified) need to immediately # follow the last declared button     packet (no padding or dummy bytes should # separate specified     buttons from sliders). After all buttons and sliders are declared, #     any remaining 8 bytes packets need to be filled out with dummy     values. # See below for example. Note that this ID will have the     high bit set on press # indication in the motion report output (“B1”     will show as the ID in this case). -   40 # Device Config or slider behavior (see bit description in     Device_Config register). # here we are leaving only the repeat bit     set for repeated output to the motion # report while pressing on the     slider. The “release” bit is clear to indicate we do # do not want     to see the “31” release output ID, only the “B1” press output     events. -   03 # Touch Delay for slider—3 frames of 6.6 ms delay to debounce     slider presses -   02 # Hold-off—2 frames of 6.6 ms delay must elapse before allowing     re-assertion of # of a press on the same slider (even if in a     different cell or location along slider). -   02 # Group number (shares same group 2 with button ID “24” above) -   00 # reserved byte -   04 # Number of cells in slider (valid values of 02 to 0A—hexadeximal     for ten). # Note that this byte is used differently for sliders than     for buttons where it # designated the equivalent cell number. For     sliders, the equivalent cell numbers # are specified below after the     groups section. This was separated this way for # design flexibility     and to keep the 8 byte configuration packet size consistent #     between buttons and sliders. -   00 # reserved byte

Following are detailed register descriptions of the Device n Block registers above:

ID Index: 0x0E, etc.

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field 0 0 ID₅ ID₄ ID₃ ID₂ ID₁ ID₀

-   Data Type: Bit Field -   USAGE: This register indicates the Button ID. The full value     ID_([5 0]) will be the one reported in the Motion Report. Note that     bits 6 and 7 must be 0, and bit 5 must be set to 1 for any button or     slider.

Field Name Description ID₅ Button ID 0 = Reserved. 1 = Button or Slider. ID_([4:0]) ID Number. DEVICE_CONFIG Index: 0x0F, etc.

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Reserved BCFG₆ Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved BCFG₁ Reserved

-   Data Type: Bit Field -   USAGE: Configuration bits for Button or Slider.

Field Name Description BCFG₆ Repeat Enable 0 = Disable Repeat. 1 = Enable Repeat. Output this button as long as the Touch Strength is above T3. BCFG₁ Release Check. Reports with zero force and touch bit 0. 0 = Disable Release Check. 1 = Enable Release Check. TOUCH_DELAY_Index: 0x10, etc.

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x7F

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: Touch Delay is the number of frames to wait before asserting     a Button touch. It can also be thought of as the “debounce” period.     HOLDOFF_Index: 0x11, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x7F

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: is the number of frames to wait after a Button is released     before that button or any other button in its group can be detected.     GROUP_Index: 0x12, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0xFF

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0xFF

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: This register assigns the Button to this numbered Group. 0xFF     denotes No Group.     CELL_COUNT Index: 0x14, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x7F

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: If a Button, CELL_COUNT=cell number within MAX CELLS; if a     Slider, CELL_COUNT=positions (number of cells in the slider).

Referring back to the table:

-   -   1) General Settings Block (14 bytes, Indexes 00-0D)     -   2) Device n Block (Indexes 0E-8D)     -   3)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Device n Block)     -   4) Group Devices Block (10 bytes, Indexes 8E-97)     -   5) Group n Block (200 bytes, Indexes 98-15F)     -   6)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Group n Block)     -   7) Slider n Block (88 bytes, Indexes 160-1B7)

## Pad Out Unused Bytes:

## Next we pad out the remaining 8 byte packets (up to 16 total of Device n Block) with ## dummy values. The easiest way to do this is to start with a template of the 16 packets ## of dummy values, counting upward in hexadecimal blocks such as:

00 # repeat this line 8 times (a block of 8 lines—“00” is tracking this block) 11 # repeat this line 8 times (“11” is used for tracking this block) 22 # repeat this line 8 times (“22” is used for tracking this block) 33 # repeat this line 8 times 44 # repeat this line 8 times 55 # repeat this line 8 times 66 # repeat this line 8 times 77 # repeat this line 8 times 88 # repeat this line 8 times 99 # repeat this line 8 times AA # repeat this line 8 times BB # repeat this line 8 times CC # repeat this line 8 times DD # repeat this line 8 times EE # repeat this line 8 times FF # repeat this line 8 times

## Next fill in each of the 8 line blocks above sequentially with the specified buttons and sliders in the design as we already did. Since in this design, we used 5 buttons+1 slider, we would have “consumed” the lines in blocks 00-55 with our configurations described above. What remains are the “padded out” blocks for 66-FF that serve as our placeholders.

Referring back to the table:

-   -   1) General Settings Block (14 bytes, Indexes 00-0D)     -   2) Device n Block (Indexes 0E-8D)     -   3)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Device n Block)     -   4) Group Devices Block (10 bytes, Indexes 8E-97)     -   5) Group n Block (200 bytes, Indexes 98-15F)     -   8)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Group n Block)     -   9) Slider n Block (88 bytes, Indexes 160-1B7)

## Group Devices Block

## Now we are ready to fill in the number of buttons & slider for each group (up to 10 ## groups). Group Devices is simply the count of number of buttons and/or sliders in ## that Group.

01 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 0 (1 button—see figure above) 03 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 1 (3 buttons—see figure above) 02 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 2 (1 button plus 1 slider—see figure) 00 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 3 00 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 4 00 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 5 00 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 6 00 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 7 00 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 8 00 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 9 00 # Number of buttons & sliders in Group 10 GROUP_DEVICES Indexes: 0x8E-97

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x0A

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: The number Devices within each Group.

Referring back to the table:

-   -   1) General Settings Block (14 bytes, Indexes 00-0D)     -   2) Device n Block (128 bytes, Indexes 0E-8D)     -   3)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Device n Block)     -   4) Group Devices Block (10 bytes, Indexes 8E-97)     -   5) Group n Block (200 bytes, Indexes 98-15F)     -   5)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Group n Block)     -   6) Slider n Block (88 bytes, Indexes 160-1B7)

## Group n Blocks:

## Now we are ready to fill in the group configurations:

Group n Block

There are up to 10 groups of 20 bytes (14 in hexadecimal) labeled as “Group n” where n is a value from 0 to 9 for each of the up to 10 groups. See table labeled “Group n”. When less than 10 groups (or even no groups) are specified, the remaining groups can be left unspecified or can be set to “00”. The 9^(th) byte in each Group block is a bit-field labeled “Group Config” described in the “Group Config” description below.

Index Description 0x98 + n × 20 T1 Lo (“release” threshold lower byte) 0x99 + n × 20 T1 Hi (“release” threshold upper byte) 0x9A + n × 20 T2 Lo (“press” threshold lower byte) 0x9B + n × 20 T2 Hi (“press” threshold upper byte) 0x9C + n × 20 Edge Min Lo (starting point of panel edge exclusion - lo byte) 0x9D + n × 20 Edge Min Hi (starting point of exclusion in pixels - hi byte) 0x9E + n × 20 Edge Max Lo (ending point of panel edge exclusion - lo byte) 0x9F + n × 20 Edge Max Hi (ending point of exclusion in pixels - hi byte) 0xA0 + n × 20 Group Config (bit field options for this group) 0xA1 + n × 20 Group Positions (number of group neighbors to this group) 0xA2 + n × 20 Next To 0 (first neighbor group to this group) 0xA3 + n × 20 Next To 1 (second neighbor group to this group) 0xA4 + n × 20 Next To 2 (etc.) 0xA5 + n × 20 Next To 3 0xA6 + n × 20 Next To 4 0xA7 + n × 20 Next To 5 0xA8 + n × 20 Next To 6 0xA9 + n × 20 Next To 7 0xAA + n × 20 Next To 8 0xAB + n × 20 Next To 9

## Group 0:

D4 # Low byte of Threshold 1 (release threshold: 0x3D4 is 980 in decimal) 03 # High byte of Threshold 1 (release threshold—980 units of signal strength) 92 # Low byte of Threshold 2 (press threshold: 0x929 is 2345 in decimal) 09 # High byte of Threshold 2 (press threshold—2345 units of signal strength) 00 # Low byte of Min. Screen Edge dimension (only valid if Config bit 1 set below) 00 # High byte of Min. Screen Edge dimension (only valid if Config bit 1 set below) 00 # Low byte of Max. Screen Edge dimension (only valid if Config bit 1 set below) 00 # High byte of Max. Screen Edge dimension (only valid if Config bit 1 set below) 00 # Configuration bits for group: bit 1=edge check enabled; bit 2:3=edge to check:

-   -   Bits 3:2=>00=Min. Column; 01=Max. Col; 10=Min. Row; 11=Max Row.     -   Bit 4: 1=use default thresholds; 0=use specified thresholds         (Thresh1, Thresh2)         01 # Neighbors—count of neighboring groups to this group         01 #1^(st) neighbor group number (group 1)         0F #2nd neighbor group number (can use “0F” for unused groups)         0F #3rd neighbor group number         0F #4th neighbor group number         0F #5th neighbor group number         0F #6^(th) neighbor group number         0F #7^(th) neighbor group number         0F #8^(th) neighbor group number         0F #9^(th) neighbor group number         0F #10^(th) neighbor group number

## Group 1:

D4 # Low byte of Threshold 1 (release threshold) 03 # High byte of Threshold 1 (release threshold) 92 # Low byte of Threshold 2 (press threshold) 09 # High byte of Threshold 2 (press threshold) 83 # Low byte of Min. Screen Edge dimension of concern (83 hex=131 decimal) 00 # High byte of Min. Screen Edge dimension of concern 23 # Low byte of Max. Screen Edge dimension of concern (0123 hex=291 decimal) 01 # High byte of Max. Screen Edge dimension of concern (see above: “01” of 0123) 06 # Configuration bits for group: bit 1=edge check enabled; bit 2:3=edge to check:

-   -   Bits 3:2=>00=Min. Column; 01=Max. Col; 10=Min. Row; 11=Max Row.     -   Bit 4: 1=use default thresholds; 0=use specified thresholds         (Thresh1, Thresh2)     -   Here “06” specifies edge check enabled and minimum Row to be         checked         02 # Neighbors—count of neighboring groups to this group that we         care about         00 #1^(st) neighbor group number (group 0)         02 #2nd neighbor group number (group 2)         0F #3rd neighbor group number (can use “0F” for unused groups)         0F #4th neighbor group number         0F #5th neighbor group number         0F #6^(th) neighbor group number         0F #7^(th) neighbor group number         0F #8^(th) neighbor group number         0F #9^(th) neighbor group number         0F #10^(th) neighbor group number

## Group 2:

00 # Low byte of Threshold 1 (release threshold) 00 # High byte of Threshold 1 (release threshold) 00 # Low byte of Threshold 2 (press threshold) 00 # High byte of Threshold 2 (press threshold) 00 # Low byte of Min. Screen Edge dimension of concern (83 hex=131 decimal) 00 # High byte of Min. Screen Edge dimension of concern 00 # Low byte of Max. Screen Edge dimension of concern (0123 hex=291 decimal) 00 # High byte of Max. Screen Edge dimension of concern (see above: “01” of 0123) 08 # Configuration bits for group: bit 1=edge check enabled; bit 2:3=edge to check:

-   -   Bits 3:2=>00=Min. Column; 01=Max. Col; 10=Min. Row; 11=Max Row.     -   Bit 4: 1=use default thresholds; 0=use specified thresholds         (Thresh1, Thresh2)     -   Here “08” specifies to use touch panel threshold defaults for         this group         01 # Neighbors—count of neighboring groups to this group         01 #1^(st) neighbor group number (group 1)         0F #2nd neighbor group number (can use “0F” for unused groups)         0F #3rd neighbor group number         0F #4th neighbor group number         0F #5th neighbor group number         0F #6^(th) neighbor group number         0F #7^(th) neighbor group number         0F #8^(th) neighbor group number         0F #9^(th) neighbor group number         0F #10^(th) neighbor group number

The detailed descriptions of the registers above are as follows:

T1_LO Index: 0x98, etc.

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x71

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Lower eight bits [7:0] of a sixteen-bit number; see also     0x99.     T1_HI Index: 0x99, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x02

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Upper eight bits [15:8] of a sixteen-bit number -   USAGE: This is the Touch Strength below which to release a Button     Touch.     T2_LO Index: 0x9A, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0xD6

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Lower eight bits [7:0] of a sixteen-bit number; see also     0x9B.     T2_HI Index: 0x9B, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x06

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Upper eight bits [15:8] of a sixteen-bit number -   USAGE: This is the Touch Strength to register a Button Touch.     EDGE_MIN_LO Index: 0x9C, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Lower eight bits [7:0] of a sixteen-bit number; see also     0x9D.     EDGE_MIN_HI Index: 0x9D, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Upper eight bits [15:8] of a sixteen-bit number -   USAGE: Edge Min is the value used to detect if a Navigation Touch     occurred near (in “proximity” of) our group. This range endpoint may     be along any of the four edges of the Navigation area depending on     the value of GROUP_CONFIG (Index 0x08) bits Edge Check Select     (GCFG_([3:2])).     EDGE_MAX_LO Index: 0x9E, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Lower eight bits [7:0] of a sixteen-bit number; see also     0x9F.     EDGE_MAX_HI Index: 0x9F, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Upper eight bits [15:8] of a sixteen-bit number -   USAGE: Edge Max is the value used to detect if a navigation touch     occurred near (in “proximity” of) our group. This range endpoint may     be along any of the four edges of the navigation area depending on     the value of GROUP_CONFIG (Index 0x08) bits Edge Check Select     (GCFG_([3:2])).     GROUP_CONFIG Index: 0xA0, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved GCFG₃ GCFG₂ GCFG₁ Reserved

-   Data Type: Bit Field -   USAGE: Configuration bits for Button or Slider Groups.

Field Name Description GCFG_([3:2]) Edge “Proximity” Check Select 00 = Check ROW_MAX edge. 01 = Check ROW_MIN edge. 10 = Check COL_MAX edge. 11 = Check COL_MIN edge. GCFG₁ Edge “Proximity” Check Enable 0 = Disable Edge Min and Edge Max check. 1 = Enable Edge Min and Edge Max check. GROUP_POSITIONS Index: 0xA1, etc.

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x7F

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: Group Positions is the number of button/slider groups that     are next to this one.     NEXT_TO_* Index: 0xA2-AB, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0x7F

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: This a list of the groups that are Next To this one. If this     group of Buttons/Sliders has a touch, then the groups Next To this     one can be disabled or inhibited from reporting a touch.

Referring back to the table:

-   -   1) General Settings Block (14 bytes, Indexes 00-0D)     -   2) Device n Block (128 bytes, Indexes 0E-8D)     -   3)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Device n Block)     -   4) Group Devices Block (10 bytes, Indexes 8E-97)     -   5) Group n Block (200 bytes, Indexes 98-15F)     -   6)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Group n Block)     -   7) Slider n Block (88 bytes, Indexes 160-1B7)

## Pad Out Unused Bytes/Blocks:

## Next we pad out the remaining 20 byte packets with dummy values.

The easiest way to do this is to start with a template of the 10 packets of dummy values, counting upward from 0-9 in 20 byte blocks such as:

00 # repeat this line 20 times (a block of 20 lines) 11 # repeat this line 20 times 22 # repeat this line 20 times 33 # repeat this line 20 times 44 # repeat this line 20 times 55 # repeat this line 20 times 66 # repeat this line 20 times 77 # repeat this line 20 times 88 # repeat this line 20 times 99 # repeat this line 20 times

## Next fill in each of the 20 line blocks above sequentially with the specified groups as above. Since in this design we used 3 groups, we would have “consumed” the lines in blocks 00-22 with our groups configuration described above. What remains are the “padded out” blocks for 33-99 that serve as placeholders.

Referring back to the table:

-   -   1) General Settings Block (14 bytes, Indexes 00-0D)     -   2) Device n Block (Indexes 0E-8D)     -   3)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Device n Block)     -   4) Group Devices Block (160 bytes, Indexes 8E-97)     -   5) Group n Block (200 bytes, Indexes 98-15F)     -   6)—Padding Out Unused Bytes (of Group n Block)     -   Slider n Block (88 bytes, Indexes 160-1B7)

## Slider N Block:

## Now we are ready to fill in the final slider details:

Slider n Block

There are 4 blocks of 22 bytes (16 in hexadecimal) labeled as “Slider n” where n is a value from 0 to 3 for each of the up to 4 sliders possible. See table labeled “Slider n”. Each of the slider n cells are entered in this section. For sliders that use less than 10 cells, the remaining cells need not be filled in or can be set to “00”.

Index Description 0x160 + n × 22 Record Width Lo (pixel width of slider cell - lo byte) 0x161 + n × 22 Record Width Hi (pixel width of slider cell - hi byte) 0x162 + n × 22 Cell 0 (first cell of slider) 0x163 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x163 + n × 22 Cell 1 (second cell of slider) 0x165 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x166 + n × 22 Cell 2 (third cell of slider) 0x167 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x168 + n × 22 Cell 3 (etc.) 0x169 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x16A + n × 22 Cell 4 0x16B + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x16C + n × 22 Cell 5 0x16D + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x16E + n × 22 Cell 6 0x16F + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x170 + n × 22 Cell 7 0x171 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x172 + n × 22 Cell 8 0x173 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00) 0x174 + n × 22 Cell 9 0x175 + n × 22 Padding (leave as 0x00)

## Note: Each padding byte must be specified as “00”. If only 1 slider is specified, ## dummy values for other sliders need not be filled in.

## In addition, if that 1 slider uses less than the maximum 10 cells allowed, ## dummy values for the other cells need not be filled in.

## The amount of data downloaded will stop when the number of bytes processed ## matches the count listed in the header block. A termination byte (0xEE) ## (see below) is the final byte included in the count to validate there was no ## mismatch.

80 # Slider_Record_Width_LO—the low byte of a slider segment width in pixels 00 # Slider Record_Width_HI—the high byte of slider segment (a.k.a, SRec_Width) 06 # First of 4 sliders cell numbers expected: Equivalent cell 6 in figure above 00 # Padding byte (always 00) 07 #2^(nd) of 4 slider cell numbers expected: Cell 7 equivalent in figure above 00 # Padding byte (always 00) 08 #3^(rd) of 4 slider cell numbers expected: Cell 8 equivalent in figure above 00 # Padding byte (always 00) 09 # last of 4 slider cell numbers expected: Cell 9 equivalent in figure above 00 # Padding byte (always 00) EE # TERMINATION BYTE (always “EE” and always required)

The detailed description of the slider registers above are as follows:

RECORD_WIDTH_LO Index: 0x160, etc.

-   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0xEE

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Also called SRec_Width_Lo: Lower eight bits [7:0] of a     sixteen-bit number; see also Record_Width_Hi.     RECORD_WIDTH_HI Index: 0x161, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x02

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field

-   Data Type: Upper eight bits [15:8] of a sixteen-bit number -   USAGE: Also called SRec_Width_Hi: Record Width is the number of     pixel counts interpolated between two adjacent Cells in a Slider.     CELL_* Index: 0x162, etc. -   Access: Write Only Default Value: 0x00

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Field Range: 0x00-0xEF

-   Data Type: Eight-bit number -   USAGE: CELL_* assigns the list of cells to the slider. The cell     value is the index of one of the cells. The total number of cells in     the slider is assigned in DEVICE n, CELL_COUNT (Index 0x14+n*8).

Equivalent Cell Number

To determine equivalent cell number, identify from the layout which sense and drive line cross at the button “cell” or slider segment cell of interest. For example, use sense lines numbered from 0 to 11 (as marked on the AMRI-5200 pin diagram) and use drive lines 0 to 19 (as marked on the AMRI-5200 pin diagram) and determine from the schematic connection to the button “cell” which ones are used. Then the following formula is used:

Equivalent Cell Number=SenseY*20+DriveX(where SenseY valid values are 0 to 11, and DriveX valid values are 0 to 19).

For example, if sense line 11 and drive line 8 cross at a button cell, the equivalent cell number is:

11*20+8=220+8=228

Cell 228 converted to hex (“E4”) would be entered into Cell Number in the BUTTON BLOCK for this example button.

Referring now to FIG. 9, there are shown example motion report data 190 according to one embodiment, where bytes are read from left to right serially from the same register location. Button and slider events trigger an interrupt from the AMRI-5200 controller 100 to the host processor 120. The same interrupt is generated with touch point events or other types of events. The host processor 120 responds to the interrupt by reading the first byte of the motion report (the status byte) from the motion data register. Bits in the status byte tell the host processor 120 which type of event(s) occurred and are contained in the motion report. The host may choose to either read all or part (or none) of the motion report to obtain further details regarding the event(s) of interest to the host processor 120. The motion report is read out serially as a stream of bytes by repeatedly reading from the motion data register (each read triggers the next byte of data to be automatically placed in the same motion data for subsequent read access). Button and slider events are embedded in the motion report when the bit corresponding thereto is set true (high) in the status byte. Each type of data (buttons, sliders, touch points, etc.) is preceded by a count of the number of “packets” of that type of data. In one embodiment, button packets contain 3 bytes each: ID and a 2 byte “Z” or signal strength value, and slider packets contain 5 bytes each: ID, a 2 byte value for position, and a 2 byte value for “Z” or signal strength. The position value is in pixels scaled using the customers downloaded “SRec_Width” cell dimension parameter times the number of sliders cells.

FIG. 10 shows one embodiment of a method 200 according to which the host processor 120 receives button or slider events, as reflected by steps 201 through 231 thereof.

FIG. 11 shows one embodiment of a method 300 according to which the host processor 120 downloads data configuration files to touchscreen controller 100 (and in particular an AMRI-5200 touchscreen controller). In the configuration file download procedure corresponding to steps 301 through 323 of FIG. 10, the AMRI-5200 controller requires a data configuration file download to configure buttons and sliders. The configuration file must be loaded through SPI or TWI bus after power on, using the register addresses indicated below. Note, register 0x03 (BOOT_STAT) bit 0 must be set prior to this procedure, indicating AMRI-5200 power up complete.

-   -   1) Write 0xAD to register 0x7D which disables the watchdog     -   2) Write 0x00 to register 0x03 to clear BOOT_STAT. This ensures         correct reads in step 5.     -   3) Write 0x2A to register 0x0A to enable download routine     -   4) Write all the bytes button_slider configuration file to         register 0x0B. Maintain a minimum delay time of 10 us or above         in between bytes written to this register. This is to allow the         AMRI-5200 to process the previous written byte.     -   5) Read register 0x03 until bit 6 (0x40) is set is set (but         start over on timeout/error)     -   6) Write 0x00 to register 0x7D which enables the watchdog

FIGS. 12 through 17 are flowcharts corresponding to different processes and methods carried out by an AMRI-5200 controller that has received programming instructions and data from a host processor to permit the use of buttons, sliders and groups as described above. The flowcharts of FIGS. 12 through 17 define a firmware state machine that runs on a navigation touch controller integrated circuit (i.e., an AMRI-5200 touchscreen controller). The touchscreen controller contains an integrated on-chip processor to process firmware algorithms, and a customized analog and digital front end interface to manage, sense and locate touches on an array of touch cells integrated into a connected touch panel. The flowcharts of FIGS. 12 through 17 show various embodiments of algorithms that process button sensing and control in a flexible manner to meet a designer's needs for customizing and grouping buttons and/or sliders in close proximity to one another and/or with a navigational touch area. Touches on the navigational touch area are sensed by other firmware and reported to an off-chip host processor through a serial bus in a reporting format called the “motion report”. Such firmware has already executed before the buttons and slider firmware shown in these flowcharts has run. Thus, there is already information available in firmware data structures identifying touches on the navigational touch area, including the X/Y position of the touches on the 2D array. That information can be utilized by the button/slider firmware when there is a need to exclude certain touches on the edge of the touch panel in close proximity to a button or slider. If needed, the button/slider firmware can then set an “inhibit bit” for any of these touch points that would exclude them from being included in the motion report.

The flowcharts of FIGS. 12 through 17 assume that other firmware has already downloaded the table of button/slider configuration instructions and data into RAM. The processor embedded in the touchscreen controller operates on and parses the instructions and data in that table when processing buttons and sliders functionality to match the designer's specific requirements. In addition, the firmware utilizes the capacitive sensing hardware interface built into the controller to assist in sensing the buttons and sliders.

The download table has been designed in a proprietary format to exactly match the organization of the internal data structures in RAM memory expected by the firmware. This allows the firmware to parse the downloaded instructions and data when executing the flowcharts shown in FIGS. 12 through 17. In this context, the downloaded instructions are in the form of bit-fields and control bytes that the firmware parses to drive decision points in such flowcharts.

In addition, the format may be scalable to the complexity of the design. This is convenient because it allows the code to sequentially step through only the valid buttons, sliders and group members identified by the designer, rather than the entire table of all configurable possibilities. This scalable download format has several significant benefits:

-   -   1) The scalable download format allows the firmware to operate         efficiently for a variety of button/slider arrangements that the         designer might choose;     -   2) The scalable download format permits the firmware to operate         more efficiently in the event the host processor will only need         a partial set of the full functionality available, since the         firmware will only need to step through a subset of the full         table.     -   3) With the host processor downloading a reduced set when fewer         buttons or sliders are needed, the host processor spends less         time in the download process which is utilizing a speed limited         serial bus (SPI or TWO.     -   4) The download table can later be easily copied to the FLASH         section of the touchscreen controller by other firmware for         permanent storage and easy retrieval after a power cycle, so a         one time download process is all that is required (perhaps         performed at the factory to avoid any need to download at the         customer's site).     -   5) The download format saves RAM space in the controller, where         RAM space is very limited to keep controller cost low, because         it is in a compact format using a minimum of bytes.

Process Buttons/Sliders Flowchart

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown one embodiment of a method 400 corresponding to a Top Level Dispatcher, and comprising steps 410 through 421. If a data signature is valid and buttons/sliders have been enabled, then the following tasks are performed:

-   -   1) Update Touch Info (step 405)     -   2) Rank Presses (step 411)     -   3) Find Max Z Device (step 413)     -   4) Validate Group Cases (step 417)     -   5) Send Valid Events to Output (step 419)

Buttons/Sliders Update Touch Information Flowchart

Referring now to FIG. 13, there is shown one embodiment of a method 500 corresponding to a button/slider update touch information process comprising steps 501 through 523. Method 500 cycles through each valid button and slider to check the following:

-   -   1) If Button Control changed, reset all touch state info and         exit all tasks (step 503)     -   2) Update “Z” values and position values (if sliders) and         process them through a 3 state median filter (step 505)     -   3) If Z value is below threshold and age of press is less than         Touch Delay, clear touch state information for this button or         slider (steps 507 and 509)     -   4) If slider (step 513), calculate interpolated position along         cells in the slider using downloaded cell width information         (Srec_Width) (step 515)

Buttons/Sliders Rank Presses

Referring now to FIG. 14, there is shown one embodiment of a method 600 corresponding to button/slider rank presses comprising steps 601 through 641. Method 600 cycles through all valid buttons and sliders and carries out the following tasks:

-   -   1) Determine if using group thresholds and criteria (step 605),         or default thresholds and criteria (step 641)     -   2) Compare “Z” values (signal strength) versus thresholds to         determine if release bit or press bit should be set (steps 609,         639, 611 and 613)     -   3) Mark for output or not or if best candidate in group (steps         625 and 619)     -   4) If best candidate, set inhibit flags for other groups (step         621)     -   5) If already output, only output again if repeat bit set (step         623)

Buttons/Sliders Find Max Z Device

Referring now to FIG. 15, there is shown one embodiment of a method 700 corresponding to button/slider find max Z device processes comprising steps 701 through 737. For each group, method 700:

-   -   1) Identifies the best candidate (step 729), and marks its “to         Output” bit (step 735)     -   2) Keeps track of whether an ID has already been sent to the         output or needs to be sent again (repeat bit) or if released and         sent to Output as a release report (step 733)     -   3) Allows “free agent” non-group buttons and sliders to always         report press or release if appropriate when at least some groups         are valid

Button/Slider Validate Group Cases

Referring now to FIG. 16, there is shown one embodiment of a method 800 corresponding to button/slider validate group cases comprising steps 801 through 837. For each group in method 800, if there is a touch panel edge check enabled, touch point reported X,Y positions are compared versus downloaded min and max screen edge parameters and groups are inhibited if parameters are in range. For each group, method 800 cycles through all members of the group. If all the members have been “released” (no touches), then that group's inhibit flag is cleared.

Buttons/Sliders Send to Output

Referring now to FIG. 17, there is shown one embodiment of a method 900 corresponding to buttons/sliders sent to output processes comprising steps 901 through 923. For each button or slider, method 900 checks its “to Output” bit and if true, copies the button ID and Z value, or if a slider copies slider ID, Z value, and sends the value to motion report output. Method 900 also resets age and press bit status. If a “release” is being output, the release bit for individual members or the group is cleared. All buttons (if present) are always first in motion report output before sliders due to the required ordering of the download data format.

As discussed above, various aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein are employed in the Avago Technologies® AMRI-5200 controller.

Various embodiments of the invention are contemplated in addition to those disclosed hereinabove. The above-described embodiments should be considered as examples of the present invention, rather than as limiting the scope of the invention. In addition to the foregoing embodiments of the invention, review of the detailed description and accompanying drawings will show that there are other embodiments of the present invention. Accordingly, many combinations, permutations, variations and modifications of the foregoing embodiments of the present invention not set forth explicitly herein will nevertheless fall within the scope of the present invention. 

We claim:
 1. A method of operating a capacitive touchscreen system comprising a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns, a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto, drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes, sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the method comprising: downloading computer-readable button group programming instructions and data from the host processor to a first portion of a memory of the touchscreen controller, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, the first plurality of buttons being arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group being located within a first portion of the touchscreen, capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen being controlled by firmware instructions and data loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; and concatenating the first plurality of buttons to form a first slider located in the first portion of the touchscreen.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising implementing the first slider by providing computer-readable button group programming instructions and data corresponding to a Flying V algorithm.
 3. A method of operating a capacitive touchscreen system comprising a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns, a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto, drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes, sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the method comprising: downloading computer-readable button group programming instructions and data from the host processor to a first portion of a memory of the touchscreen controller, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, the first plurality of buttons being arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group being located within a first portion of the touchscreen, capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen being controlled by firmware instructions and data loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; configuring the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data to sense and arbitrate among touches occurring on and within a second plurality of buttons, the second plurality of buttons being arranged in a second group located within the first portion of the touchscreen; and concatenating the second plurality of buttons to form a second slider located in the first portion of the touchscreen.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising implementing the second slider by providing computer-readable button group programming instructions and data corresponding to a Flying V algorithm.
 5. A method of operating a capacitive touchscreen system comprising a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns, a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto, drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes, sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the method comprising: downloading computer-readable button group programming instructions and data from the host processor to a first portion of a memory of the touchscreen controller, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, the first plurality of buttons being arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group being located within a first portion of the touchscreen, capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen being controlled by firmware instructions and data loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; configuring the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data to sense and arbitrate among touches occurring on and within a second plurality of buttons, the second plurality of buttons being arranged in a second group located within the first portion of the touchscreen; configuring the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data to sense and arbitrate among touches occurring on and within a third plurality of buttons, the third plurality of buttons being arranged in a third group located within the first portion of the touchscreen; and concatenating the third plurality of buttons to form a third slider located in the first portion of the touchscreen.
 6. A method of operating a capacitive touchscreen system comprising a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns, a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto, drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes, sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the method comprising: downloading computer-readable button group programming instructions and data from the host processor to a first portion of a memory of the touchscreen controller, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, the first plurality of buttons being arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group being located within a first portion of the touchscreen, capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen being controlled by firmware instructions and data loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; configuring the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data to sense and arbitrate among touches occurring on and within a second plurality of buttons, the second plurality of buttons being arranged in a second group located within the first portion of the touchscreen; configuring the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data to sense and arbitrate among touches occurring on and within a third plurality of buttons, the third plurality of buttons being arranged in a third group located within the first portion of the touchscreen; and implementing the third slider by providing computer-readable button group programming instructions and data corresponding to a Flying V algorithm.
 7. A method of operating a capacitive touchscreen system comprising a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns, a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto, drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes, sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the method comprising: downloading computer-readable button group programming instructions and data from the host processor to a first portion of a memory of the touchscreen controller, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, the first plurality of buttons being arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group being located within a first portion of the touchscreen, capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen being controlled by firmware instructions and data loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; and configuring the computer-readable button or slider group programming instructions and data to permit dynamic releases of a user's touch on or within a button in the first group.
 8. A capacitive touchscreen system, comprising: a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns; a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto; drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes; sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the touchscreen controller having computer-readable button group programming instructions and data loaded into a first memory portion thereof from the host processor, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, firmware instructions and data being loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; wherein the first plurality of buttons is arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group is located within a first portion of the touchscreen, and capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen are controlled by the firmware instructions, wherein the first plurality of buttons is concatenated to form a first slider located in the first portion of the touchscreen.
 9. The capacitive touchscreen system of claim 8, wherein the first slider is implemented by computer-readable button group programming instructions and data corresponding to a Flying V algorithm.
 10. A capacitive touchscreen system, comprising: a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns; a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto; drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes; sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the touchscreen controller having computer-readable button group programming instructions and data loaded into a first memory portion thereof from the host processor, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, firmware instructions and data being loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; wherein the first plurality of buttons is arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group is located within a first portion of the touchscreen, and capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen are controlled by the firmware instructions, wherein the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data further include steps configured to sense and arbitrate among touches occurring on and within a second plurality of buttons, the second plurality of buttons being arranged in a second group located within the first portion of the touchscreen, wherein the second plurality of buttons is concatenated to form a second slider located in the first portion of the touchscreen.
 11. The capacitive touchscreen system of claim 10, wherein the second slider is implemented by computer-readable button group programming instructions and data corresponding to a Flying V algorithm.
 12. A capacitive touchscreen system, comprising: a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns; a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto; drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes; sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the touchscreen controller having computer-readable button group programming instructions and data loaded into a first memory portion thereof from the host processor, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, firmware instructions and data being loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; wherein the first plurality of buttons is arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group is located within a first portion of the touchscreen, and capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen are controlled by the firmware instructions, wherein the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data further include steps configured to sense and arbitrate among touches occurring on and within a second plurality of buttons, the second plurality of buttons being arranged in a second group located within the first portion of the touchscreen, wherein the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data further include steps configured to sense and arbitrate among touches occurring on and within a third plurality of buttons, the third plurality of buttons being arranged in a third group located within the first portion of the touchscreen, and wherein the third plurality of buttons is concatenated to form a third slider located in the first portion of the touchscreen.
 13. The capacitive touchscreen system of claim 12, wherein the third slider is implemented by computer-readable button group programming instructions and data corresponding to a Flying V algorithm.
 14. A capacitive touchscreen system, comprising: a first plurality of electrically conductive drive electrodes arranged in rows or columns; a second plurality of electrically conductive sense electrodes arranged in rows or columns arranged at an angle with respect to the rows or columns of the first plurality of electrodes, mutual capacitances existing between the first and second pluralities of electrodes at locations where the first and second pluralities of electrodes intersect, the mutual capacitances changing in the presence of one or more fingers of a user or touch devices brought into proximity thereto; drive circuitry operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes; sense circuitry operably connected to the second plurality of sense electrodes and configured to sense input signals therefrom, and a touchscreen controller operably connected to the first plurality of drive electrodes and the second plurality of sense electrodes, the touchscreen controller being operably connected to a host processor, the touchscreen controller having computer-readable button group programming instructions and data loaded into a first memory portion thereof from the host processor, the computer-readable button group programming instructions and data comprising steps for sensing and arbitrating among touches occurring on and within a first plurality of buttons, firmware instructions and data being loaded into a second portion of the memory of the touchscreen controller; wherein the first plurality of buttons is arranged in a first group on the touchscreen, the first group is located within a first portion of the touchscreen, and capacitive sensing of touches occurring on and within at least second portions of the touchscreen that are located outside the first portion of the touchscreen are controlled by the firmware instructions, and wherein the computer-readable button or slider group programming instructions and data further include steps configured to permit dynamic releases of a user's touch on or within a button in the first group. 